Colonial Capitals: Burlington and Perth Amboy
Burlington and Perth Amboy share the distinction of having served as capitals of the Province of New Jersey during the colonial era, reflecting the political complexities and geographic considerations of the time. Neither city maintained a continuous hold on the capital status, with the seat of government shifting between them, and briefly to other locations, demonstrating the evolving power dynamics within the colony. This dual capital arrangement stemmed from the original division of the province into East Jersey and West Jersey, each with its own distinct governmental structure.
History
The story of New Jersey’s colonial capitals begins with the separate founding of East Jersey and West Jersey in 1674. Initially, each division operated with its own assembly and governor. East Jersey’s capital was established at Perth Amboy, named after Lord Perth, one of the proprietors, and Lady Amboy. West Jersey, on the other hand, initially utilized Burlington as a central meeting place for its council and assembly. This early division meant two distinct centers of political activity existed within the nascent province. [1]
In 1702, the two Jerseys were reunited under a single royal governor, but the legacy of the division persisted in the shared capital status. The colonial assembly frequently alternated sessions between Burlington and Perth Amboy, a practice that continued for several decades. This arrangement was not without its challenges, as travel between the two cities was arduous and time-consuming for assembly members. The shifting capital also contributed to political rivalries between the supporters of each location. The choice of these locations was strategic; both offered access to waterways crucial for transportation and commerce during the colonial period. Perth Amboy's location on the Raritan Bay and Burlington's position on the Delaware River made them logical choices for centers of governance.
The arrangement of alternating capitals eventually proved unsustainable. By the mid-18th century, calls for a permanent capital grew louder. Princeton served as the capital briefly during the Revolutionary War, offering a more central and secure location. Trenton was ultimately selected as the permanent capital in 1790, solidifying a single seat of government for the state. The decision to move the capital reflected a desire for greater efficiency and a unified identity for the newly formed state. [2]
Geography
Perth Amboy is situated on the southern shore of Raritan Bay, a part of the New York Bight. Its location provides direct access to the Atlantic Ocean via the Arthur Kill and Newark Bay. The city’s topography is relatively flat, characteristic of the coastal plain of New Jersey. Historically, this geography facilitated its role as a port and transportation hub. The surrounding land was, and continues to be, valuable for agriculture and industry. The city’s waterfront has been a central element of its development, influencing its economy and strategic importance.
Burlington, in contrast, lies inland on the Delaware River. The city is situated on a relatively high bluff overlooking the river, offering a strategic vantage point. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and fertile farmland. The Delaware River provided a vital transportation route for goods and people, connecting Burlington to Philadelphia and other important colonial settlements. The city’s inland location offered some protection from naval attacks, a consideration during periods of conflict. The soil composition in the region supports a diverse range of agricultural activities, contributing to the economic prosperity of the area.
Culture
During their time as colonial capitals, both Burlington and Perth Amboy developed distinct cultural identities. Perth Amboy, with its strong maritime connections, fostered a culture influenced by trade, seafaring, and diverse immigrant populations. The city’s port attracted merchants and sailors from various parts of the world, contributing to a cosmopolitan atmosphere. Public houses and taverns served as important social and political gathering places, where ideas were exchanged and decisions were made.
Burlington, as a more inland community, developed a culture rooted in agriculture, commerce, and religious life. The city was home to a number of prominent Quaker families, who played a significant role in shaping its values and institutions. Religious tolerance was a hallmark of Burlington’s early culture, attracting settlers from various denominations. The city’s central square served as a focal point for community events and gatherings. Both cities, despite their differences, contributed to the broader cultural landscape of colonial New Jersey, reflecting the diversity and dynamism of the era. [3]
Notable Residents
While serving as capitals, both cities hosted numerous individuals involved in the political and social life of colonial New Jersey. Perth Amboy was associated with the proprietors of East Jersey, including Lord Perth and Lady Amboy, whose names are commemorated in the city’s name. Several royal governors also resided in Perth Amboy during their terms of office, overseeing the administration of the province. The city’s waterfront attracted merchants and traders who played a key role in the colonial economy.
Burlington was home to a number of prominent Quaker families, including the Collins and Lippincott families, who were influential in the city’s political and economic affairs. William Allen, a prominent merchant and political figure, also resided in Burlington and served as a member of the colonial assembly. The city’s intellectual life was enriched by the presence of educators and writers who contributed to the development of colonial thought. [4]
Attractions
Today, both Burlington and Perth Amboy offer historical attractions that reflect their colonial past. Perth Amboy boasts a historic downtown area with well-preserved 18th and 19th-century architecture. The city’s waterfront has been revitalized with parks and recreational facilities, offering visitors scenic views of Raritan Bay. Several historic homes and buildings are open to the public, providing insights into the city’s colonial heritage.
Burlington features a charming historic district with a variety of antique shops, boutiques, and restaurants. The Burlington County Historical Society Museum showcases artifacts and exhibits related to the city’s history. The Delaware River waterfront offers opportunities for boating, fishing, and scenic walks. The city’s central square remains a vibrant gathering place for community events and festivals. Both cities actively work to preserve their historical character while adapting to the needs of modern residents and visitors.
Getting There
Perth Amboy is accessible by several major highways, including the New Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway. The city is also served by New Jersey Transit rail lines, providing convenient access from New York City and other parts of the state. The Raritan Bay waterfront offers ferry service to New York City, providing an alternative transportation option. Driving is the most common method of reaching the city, with ample parking available in the downtown area.
Burlington is located near Interstate 295 and the New Jersey Turnpike, making it easily accessible by car. The city is served by several bus routes operated by New Jersey Transit, connecting it to Trenton and other regional destinations. The River Line light rail system provides service to Camden and Trenton, with connections to Philadelphia. The city’s compact size makes it easily walkable, allowing visitors to explore its historic district on foot.